Wang Yangming's Philosophy Fosters the Ethical Spirit of Contemporary China
By Chang Xin, Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University
The epitome of the Lu-Wang School of Mind-Heart Philosophy, Wang Yangming is a master who not only excelled in Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism but also demonstrated exceptional military leadership, making him a rare polymath among Chinese historical figures. Therefore, unearthing and reinterpreting Wang Yangming's concepts of achieving the unity of conscience and action holds significant theoretical and practical value for cultivating the ethical spirit in contemporary China.
Wang Yangming's discourse on good and evil builds upon Mencius's theory of innate goodness, emphasizing the moral consciousness inherent in individuals: "The essence of the mind is neither good nor evil; good and evil emerge with the movement of intention. Recognizing good and evil is the function of innate knowledge, and performing good acts and eliminating wrongful deeds are both means of correcting the impurities of the heart." (from the "Instructions for Practical Living" 2nd volume). In terms of thought, a gentleman cultivates oneself with a foundational commitment to altruism and joy, aspiring to be open-minded, self-respecting, and to share warmth with others. "It is easier to conquer bandits in the mountains than the bandits within one's heart." (from "Letter to Yang Shide and Xue Shangqian") Greed, selfishness, resentment, pain, arrogance, conceit, confusion, and desire are all considered "bandits within the heart," the root of all suffering. Furthermore, ideas, thoughts, mental patterns, and habits that contravene science, reality, and principles are all "bandits within the heart," all of which should be eradicated.
Wang Yangming's advocacy for the unity of conscience and action is primarily a response to the disconnect between conscience and practice within Neo-Confucianism, reflecting a strong desire to uplift the deteriorating social ethos. He posited that the distinction between genuine and superficial conscience is the key to whether conscience and action are unified, with superficial conscience being the source of misguided actions. Between conscience and action lies a transitional space where cultivation is essential, and Wang Yangming placed great importance on the practice of "stillness," viewing it as the primary pathway for individuals to reconnect with their innate conscience. In daily life, one should be kind to family and friends and strive to be virtuous in interactions. When acting, one should consider others' perspectives, understanding that aiding others is synonymous with self-achievement. As an enlightened individual or a gentleman, one should be emotionally invested in the people, plan for their welfare, and wield power for their benefit. This is the principal focus of Wang Yangming's emphasis on the unity of conscience and action, and his philosophy of practical learning is also centered on this concept.
Wang Yangming's philosophy is a journey of "self-discovery" and "self-realization." Throughout his tumultuous political career and challenging personal circumstances, it was the courageous spirit of determination that shaped Wang Yangming into a master of the School of Mind-Heart Philosophy. A person's vision, cultivation, mindset, and capabilities define their stature. When one embraces the world with a global perspective, they can think from the vantage point of a sage, discerning the trends and understanding the principles of rise and fall. Truly effective individuals should possess a questioning spirit, a sense of responsibility, and a holistic life perspective where heaven and earth are one.
The spirit of "the Joy of Confucius and Yan Hui" and the universal harmony of Zeng Dian's aspirations represent the two spiritual realms sought by Confucianism, which essentially is the harmonious unity of "the heart of the Way" and "the human heart." Wang Yangming, who explored both Buddhism and Taoism, had a spiritual world that was clearly influenced by the ethereal nature of Buddhism and the transcendental quality of Taoism. However, what predominates is the Confucian spiritual realm of "all things as one." His life realm surpassed that of his contemporaries, aiding him in navigating through various trials and hardships. From Wang Yangming, one can deduce that a person's mindset shapes their direction, their attitude elevates their stature, and their worldview determines their destiny.
Published on May 16, 2024